The Voice of Faulkner in A Rose for Emily - 858 Words

The purpose of this essay is to describe and reflect on the vast array of emotions revealed by the tone in the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner. The obvious tones used in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a sense of fear, curiosity, gloom and terror along with the more subtle irony, guilt, and complicity and resistance to change. Faulkner’s layout for this story was genius he left elusive clues for the reader with the use of foreshadowing and flashbacks yet the complex chronology added to the mystery and for some added confusion. Falkner manipulates time and stretches the story over several decades in the southern town of Jefferson after the Civil War. The distinctive narrative point of view draws the reader in. The only information divulged about the narrator is that they are a speaker for the town and pass judgment both for and against Emily Grierson. Towards the beginning the narrator is annoyed and influenced by the arrogant and aristocrati c lifestyle Emily lives; the narrator declares† at last they could pity Miss Emily being left alone and a pauper. She had become humanized. Now she too would know the old thrill of the old despair of a penny more or less† (Albcarian et al, 2002, p.652). In the end of the story, the narrator is symbolically giving her a â€Å"rose† by telling her bizarre story with remorse and compassion. The symbolic rose is what makes this story ironic Emily’s life was actually full of thorns. No man tried to court Emily they were never goodShow MoreRelatedThe Mystery of the Rose and the Narrator in A Rose for Emily by Faulkner1182 Words   |  5 PagesWhile one of the most traditional interpretations of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is the variety of meanings for the â€Å"rose† presented in the title and how the â€Å"rose† fits in with the story. Laura Getty states in her article many varied perspectives that many could ponder when identifying what the â€Å"rose† stands for. She states many possible theories that depict what the â€Å"rose† means, including theories of other writers that help support her own theory and also that adds another way that most might not considerRead MoreSymbolism in a Rose for Emily1508 Words   |  7 Pagessignificance to the story. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, William Faulkner effectively uses symbolism to illustrate the fading glory of the Old South giving away to the progress of reconstruction and the new century. It also plays a role in understanding the whole meaning of the story and why Emily is a tragic figure as opposed to an evil person. The gray strand of hair found on the pillow next to Homer Barron’s corpse is a symbol that represents lost love and perverse action of Miss Emily. The hair represents MissRead MoreA Closer Look At William Faulkner s A Rose For Emily1384 Words   |  6 PagesA Closer Look at William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† There have been many short stories written about life during the Reconstruction era after the civil war. Some stories, even though they are fictitious, are based upon and often mirror actual events that have taken place. The most relevant stories tell of lives and families that have been separated due to war, and how the remnants were left the task of rebuilding. As towns changed, people were somewhat reluctant to let go of past beliefs and whatRead MoreAn Occurrence At Old Creek Bridge And William Faulkner s A Rose For Emily1210 Words   |  5 PagesFaulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† are good examples of non-linear structure. A non-linear narrative makes readers question why the author cannot present his story in a lucid form? Non-linear structure often makes stories harder to understand, but it keeps readers interested in the story. Bierce and Faulkner uses a similar strategy to present their stories by deceiving the readers to create suspense at the end of the story . Nick Melczarek explains narrative strategy in Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† with theRead MoreComparison and Contrast: A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner and The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe929 Words   |  4 Pageshow William Faulkner and Edgar Allan Poe employ it to achieve distinctly Gothic effects. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† are very different stories set in very different worlds, and the tone of the narration in each is equally different. Nonetheless, the stories both offer strong symbolism, and they each rely on how the short story amplifies the Gothic, or dark, by virtue of brief presentation. Poes â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and Faulkners â€Å"A Rose for Emily† both employRead MoreA Stream of Consciousness in A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner745 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a short story written by American author William Faulkner and centres around an old lady named Emily. The story is written in the classic Faulkner method of a streaming consciousness. By constructing the story through use of the stream of consciousness, Faulkner is able to manipulate the predetermined short story structure and create an outstanding, critically acclaimed story. In using the thematic concept of creating contrasts between two opposing entities, Faulkner is ableRead MoreWhat We Are Who We Should Be: Literary Realism1132 Words   |  5 Pagesand William Faulkner strived to expose their readers to defects, either internal or external. Their literature puts humanity under the microscope, and allows the reader to examine their daily life f rom a safe distance. Under examination, many shortcomings can be uncovered. Occasionally, an author will not only reveal these flaws, but provide a practical solution. More often than not though, realists will leave it up to their reader to formulate a cure. In A Rose for Emily, Faulkner looks back onRead MoreWilliam Faulkner s A Rose For Emily1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe stylistic writing devices, vocabulary, and narrative voice utilized by William Faulkner in this excerpt of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† provide insight into the communal perspective held by the townsfolk toward outsiders, as well as those who live amongst them – specifically Miss Emily. When examining the story in its entirety, this excerpt serves to demonstrate the condescending, gossipy nature of the townspeople, and the idea that Miss Emily’s affairs concern the whole town. The incorporation of stylisticRead MoreAuthor of A Rose for Emily, William Faulkners Nobel Prize Essay707 Words   |  3 PagesAll I have to say about A Rose for Emily is that she was a crazy person! Faulkner is a really worthy and famous writer that has a lot to say in his writings and I think that he accomplishes that when he writes. â€Å"On December 10, he delivered his ac ceptance speech to the academy in a voice so low and rapid that few could make out what he was saying, but when his words were published in the newspaper the following day, it was recognized for its brilliance; in later years, Faulkner’s speech would beRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1507 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Cuthbert Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi. He stands as one of the most preeminent American writers of the twentieth century. His literary reputation included poetry, novels, short stories, and screenplays. Faulkner won two Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction and the Nobel Prize in Literature. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a short fascinating story written by William Faulkner and it was his first short story published in a national magazine. The story involved an old woman named Emily Grierson, the

History of Education and Philosophy of Nurse Education

The History and Philosophy of Nurse Education Amy Allin Capella University Abstract Each educator brings to the academic arena their own personal nursing philosophy that is based on experience and is historic in nature. By studying the history of nursing, the educator is able to guide the student through their education process. As an educator the nurse becomes an extension of one’s own personal philosophy. Nursing theory serves as the foundation on which to develop a personal philosophy and characterizes nursing as a profession based on the art of caring and science. In 1907, Adelaide Nutting and Lavinia Dock wrote in the preface to their book on the history of nursing: the modern nurse, keenly interested as she is in the†¦show more content†¦The key to effective education is the commitment of the nurse educator (Bastable, 2003). Philosophy of Nursing Education Historically the philosophy of nursing education is still patient centered with theories of caring but nursing education and modalities have gravitated from hospital- based programs to science based programs in colleges and universities. If higher education is to be a crucial sphere for creating citizens equipped to understand others, exercise their freedoms, and ask questions regarding the basic assumptions that govern democratic political life, academics will have to assume their responsibility as citizen-scholars, take critical positions, relate their work to larger social issues, offer students’ knowledge, debate, and dialogue about pressing social problems, and provide the conditions for students to have hope and believe that civic life not only matters but that they can make a difference in shaping it (Giroux, 2006). The nurse and nurse educator share the same s personal philosophy of nursing acquired through knowledge and life experiences. Wiedenbach believed that nurses’ philosophy was based on their attitude, belief about life and how they reflected reality for them. The three essential components associated with nursing philosophy are a reverence for life; respect for the dignity, worth, auto nomy, and individuality of each human being; and a resolution to act on personally and professionally held beliefs (Nursing Theory, 2011).Show MoreRelatedNursing Philosophy784 Words   |  4 PagesNursing philosophy â€Å"identifies what is believed to be the basic or central phenomena of the discipline, relates nursing to a particular world view, and provides some information on how one may come to learn about the world†. (p. 13, Salsberry, 2008). My personal philosophy of nursing evolved over the years and includes my observations, beliefs, thoughts, and practices. The purpose of this paper is to discuss my personal philosophy of nursing and the personal and professional experiences that haveRead MoreResume Practice Nursing : Nurse Anesthetist1748 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Header: ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSING: NURSE ANESTHETIST Advance Practice Nursing: Nurse Anesthetist Kristinn Avancena, Hilary Au, Gina Falisi, Elizabeth Garcia, Eric Henn, Laura McKellar, Heather Scarf, and Elda Suarez Pilloni Stony Brook University School of Nursing â€Æ' Advance Practice Nursing: Nurse Anesthetist Certified registered nurse anesthetists are advanced practice nurses who are certified and specialized in the administration of anesthesia (â€Å"Position description,† 2014). CRNAsRead MoreNursing Profession And The Quality Of Care963 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the history of nursing, many theorists have provided their ideas in an attempt to improve the nursing profession and the quality of care provided to patients. Chitty Black (2007) states that nursing as a profession is strengthen when nursing knowledge is built on sound theory. Through evidence-based practice, these theories have developed a foundation of the nursing profession. Theorists focus on different approaches to support their beliefs in improving the nursing profession. Read MoreNursing Timeline1137 Words   |  5 PagesDevelopment of Nursing Timeline Historical Development of Nursing Timeline The 19th century marked the beginning of professional nursing. Florence Nightingale was the legend behind it as she began the struggle of nurses being recognized as professionals. It is hard to believe that nurses were once assigned to the job as a sentence for crimes committed or for the women who were too old or sick to hold conventional jobs. Nightingale’s focus included infection control, documentation, patient safety,Read MoreHistorical Development of Nursing Timeline Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesDevelopment of Nursing Timeline Nursing is an art and a science. This coexistence assists in the development and advancement of nursing to a higher level of professional practice. The art of nursing emphasizes interpersonal relationships between the nurse and the patient, empathy, and dedication to caring for a patient. The science is the foundation of nursing that guides nursing care based upon the latest scientific discoveries within the nursing and other related disciplines such as medicine, psychologyRead MoreAPA PAPER1348 Words   |  6 PagesLow Percentage Rates in Leadership and Management The 102 graduate nurses with the associate degree did a survey that asked questions on education preparation for a nurse’s first job. The survey resulted in 28% of the 102 participants feeling they were competent enough to take on a leadership role. 32% of the participants felt they were comfortable to be a manager of care and 36% felt they had a professional identity as a nurse (Jones Mbewe, 2011, p. 11). The rest of the participants did notRead MoreNursing Philosophy1373 Words   |  6 PagesNursing Philosophy Ayesha Muhammad Alcorn State University July 27, 2010 Nursing Philosophy Nursing is more than just simply a career. Nursing is a calling from a higher power. I chose to be a nurse for several different reasons. My uncle was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer in (date). The care and compassion shown to my uncle put nursing in another perspective for me. The feelings of care and comfort my family received during this tragic time had a strong impact on my decision toRead MoreAll Of My General Education Courses Included Writing Papers,1062 Words   |  5 Pages All of my general education courses included writing papers, reading different types of literature, and utilizing speaking skills. Listening skills were also tied in when listening carefully to teachers, respecting classmates when presenting in front of the class, and during group projects. Truthfully, I hated group projects, especially in my general education classes. Often times my partners were in different majors therefore had very differing schedules. Although I did not realize it at the timeRead MoreHistorical Development of Nursing Timeline1033 Words   |  5 PagesHistorical Development of Nursing Timeline 1850s The history of theoretical and scientific approach in nursing evolution rooted in mid-1800s by the founder and pioneer of modern nursing; Florence Nightingale. She was considered â€Å"The Lady with the Lamp† and â€Å"The Mother of Modern Nursing â€Å". Florence Nightingale was born in Florence Italy on May 12, 1820. She grew up with the belief that her religious calling was to take care of other people. She started her work during the CrimeanRead MoreThe Theory Of Humanistic Nursing1458 Words   |  6 Pagesscience of nursing is the technical skills related to the field. Throughout nursing history, theories have been developed that attempt to explain the role of the nurse. These theories often try to either explain the science or art of nursing. Some of these theories attempt to combine the two. In order to understand nursing theory one must also understand the nursing practice. To help readers appreciate the role of the nurse and to understand both the science and art of nursing this paper will discuss nursing

Factors that Affect Leisure Traveler to Choose a Hotel during Holiday

Question: Write an essay about the factors that affect leisure traveler to choose a hotel during holiday. Answer: 1.0 Introduction One of the diverse businesses in the market is tourism industry that is associated with many region and economic growth for that country. Filieri and McLeay, (2014) depict that people select hotels in the place they want to travel relying on some factors like time, total expense or recommendation from family or friends. In this section, the research outline of the study will be discussed. Firstly, the background of the research is described which is followed by the problem statement and research objective and questions. Research hypothesis will also be provided for better understanding of the research study. 1.1 Background of the study People travel for making a change from their monotonous life throughout the year. However, the reason for travelling is changing that is to know about the world form much wider range. Mussalam and Tajeddini, (2016) illustrate that it not only makes them know about the new cultural information where they travel but they also make these populaces to develop an effective communication with other country people. Bowiea and Buttle, (2013) mention that it is evident that the GDP of USA is raises to 3.9% and that of the Switzerland is raised to 6.2% with the contribution of tourism. Asia among them is the cheapest continent to travel during the leisure time to spend holidays. Malaysia raised 5.4% GDP in the year 2015 and expected to raise their GDP further by 4.1% until 2015 that cost in MY95.9 billion (Harun, 2013). However, there are some factors that affect leisure traveler to choose a hotel during holiday. These are some crucial factors that influence them to plan a holiday or traveling in different places. 1.2 Problem Statement There are many places suitable for travelling and spend time with the closed ones. It is also true that a single person cannot travel to all these places. The reason behind this is that some cannot afford the hotel expense while some cannot give so much of time for travelling apart from their professional hours (Sakhuja et al., 2015). However, the selection of the hotels made by these personnel rely on some crucial factors that is whether the price of the hospitality commodity is high or not, what their friends recommends to them or how far is the location of the hotel is accessible to them. Thus, the primary objective of the research is or assesses those factors that affect leisure traveler to choose a hotel during holiday. 1.3 Research objectives To evaluate the factors measuring the marketing activities of the hotel To find out the factors that influence people to chose a hotel during their holiday To analyze efficient measure that can develop the customer satisfaction standards to choose a hotel 1.4 Research questions What are the factors measuring the marketing activities of the hotel? What are the factors that influence people to choose a hotel during their holiday? What is the efficient measure that can develop the customer satisfaction standards to choose a hotel? 1.5 Research Hypothesis H1: The location of the hotel does influence people to choose a hotel during their holiday. H2: The price of the hotel does influence people to choose a hotel during their holiday. H3: The loyalty program points/rewards provided by the hotel does influence people to choose a hotel during their holiday. H4: The recommendation provides in various websites and testimonials influences a person to select a hotel during their holiday. H5: The recommendation given by the acquaintance influences a person to select a hotel during their holiday. H6: The accessibility of the hotel do influence communal to choose a hotel during their holiday. 2.0 Literature review 2.1 Introduction The selection of the hotel matter a lot while travelling as it provide a shelter where the traveler can rest. Mohammed et al., (2014) mentioned that hotel industry also provide their facility to communal for attracting them to opt for their hotel. The hospitability facilities provide by them also influences their thoughts while selecting hotel while travelling to other places. In this chapter, the concept of travelling, factors that influence communal to choose hotel and reason to choose hotel during the holiday will be described. 2.2 Conceptual Framework Figure 1: Conceptual Framework (Source: Created by Author) 2.2.1 Concept of travelling Huang and Cai, (2015) depict that there are several reason why people travel. Traditionally people travels for refreshments so that they can attain knowledge for the new places while in recent times it becomes a part of the work. Thus, travel can be either due to the professional reason or for personal reason like vacations for spending times with friends and family. People travel for business to attend business meetings and attend conference with business partners. Sometimes people travels for medical reason for their treatments. Student travels to other state or countries for educational purpose. However, some travels for other reason like attending a marriage, cricket games, conference tours and others. 2.2.2 Reason to choose hotel during the holiday 2.2.2.1 Shelter: Nezakati et al., (2015) depict that people opts for hotels, as they need a shelter. This provision for shelter provides the communal to have a place for their luggage and for taking rest. 2.2.2.2 Experiencing new facilities: One of the primary reasons for the selection of the hotel is to experience new facilities like room service, swimming pool service, gym services that they are getting under one roof (Yego, 2015). 2.2.2.3 Getting extra facility: According to Yang et al., (2012), some hotels are associated with the travel agency and can provide those references to travel agencies in an affordable price. These hotels also provide them guide that helps them to gain knowledge regarding the cultural and historical value soft heat country. 2.2.3 Factors that influence communal to choose hotel 2.2.3.1 The location: Arefin et al., (2015) portray that it is important for the hotel to be in the nearby location so that people can opt for their hotel. It is evident that people have a tendency to prefer a hotel that can be accessible within less time. The primary reason that the people will prefer this factor is that they can reach to their location easily after travelling for the whole day. 2.2.3.2 The price: This is one of the crucial factors that influence the communal for opting a hotel. It is evident that 61% of the people especially women values the pricing factor the most for selecting the hotel. Lee, (2015) also supports that lower the price of the hotel higher will be the chance for people give preferences to opt for hotels. 2.2.3.3 The loyalty program points/rewards: Pimpao et al., (2014) depicts that some hospitality organization take initiative for other programs like loyalty programs that provides the guests of the hotel extra discount on their stay or loyalty card, advantage cards or club card of that hotel so that they can get extra facility on their next visit. Ye et al., (2014) demonstrates that some hotels also provide additional facility or discount on their first visit of in their hotel and free services for attract those person. 2.2.3.4 Recommendation provides in various websites: Escobar-Rodrguez and Carvajal-Trujillo, (2013) illustrates that in this tech-savvy world, people accomplish their work through their smart phone devices like mobiles and laptops. They search different websites and hotel sites to choose a hotel that provide wide range of facility in affordable price. Moreover, some critic also compares available hospitality industry and recommends for the best of them so that to would be easier for a person to select a hotel during their vacation. 2.2.3.5 Recommendation given by the acquaintance: People travel to many places due to business conferences or for vacations. They share their experiences with their family who are going to travel in their nearby days. Thus, they opt for the hotel by recommendation provided to them by their friends and known person (Nakatova, 2014). The primary advantage in this case is that are aware of the facility the hotel will provide to them and the near places to visit. 2.2.3.6 Accessibility: Accessibility is the factor that is considered as the most important factor. Tutuncu and Lieberman, (2016) depict that those hotels that are present in the market area where people can get the train or bus facility in near places are preferred by most of the people travelling to their desired faculty. Moreover, or staying in their so that they can take those transport modes for travelling to their desired places. 3.0 Research methodology The methodology as implemented by the researcher in order to conduct a survey on the travelers in respective of choosing a hotel during their holidays including the positivism research philosophy, deductive research approach and structured design in primary data collection process for meeting with objectives of the research study. On the other hand, the researcher has adopted the quantitative analysis methods in order to conduct a probabilistic sampling technique that has been authored by the researcher in order to acquire useful information related to the research topic. 3.1 Research philosophy "Positivism," "realism research philosophy" and "Interpretivism are the three research philosophy that is used in ten reach. The primary advantage of using the positivism research philosophy is that it helps the researcher to attain knowledge through factual information while on the other hand the research can gain knowledge by socially formulated information in case of Interpretivism research philosophy (Mackey Gass, 2015). The realism research philosophy signifies the mixture of both whet the information regard the research can be gained both by factual information and socially constructed information. In this research, the researcher uses the positivism research philosophy so that the content of the research can be supported by the factual data and can be agreed by most of the communal. 3.2 Research approach The research process can be implemented in order to provide an enhanced overview of the entire research study. The research study can be classified into two significant research approaches, which can be Inductive and deductive approach. The inductive approach provides research process to analyze the information being collected in the data collection process through the utilization of effective tools and techniques (Lee Lo 2014). This is helpful in developing sequential theories related to the research study topic. The research approach, on the other hand, is helpful in selecting the variables that are significant and are required for completing their research study along with the data analysis and testing as well (Bryman, 2015). The research process also implies the implementation of the evaluation tools and techniques that are responsible for analyzing the data as well as evaluating the theoretical evidences for their research study. 3.3 Data Collection Stanek et al., (2016) describe that data collection process is highly important which is required in the research study and which includes primary data collection. This research topic is based on the factors that affect leisure traveler to choose a hotel during holiday. Thus, it requires the data to be collected from the respondents who belong to different parts of the country, travels a lot, and stays in hotel for staying purpose. Primary data collection process is very important for conducting the particular research study related to the customers perception regarding the factor that affect their though for choosing a hotel. 3.4 Sampling method The sampling method for the data collection process helps the researcher in collecting the important information from the respondents from all over the world. The sampling method refers to the conduction of the interviews and survey with the target respondents required for acquiring relevant and useful information related to the research topic (Csikszentmihalyi Larson, 2014). The researcher in this process has undertaken the sampling based on the probabilistic technique in order to conduct the sampling process. The primary advantage for using the probabilistic method is to target each respondent and gather the perception and opinion related with the research objective. In this research, 50 travelers are selected and a questionnaire of 30 questions regarding the factor that influences their thoughts to select a hotel while traveling to other places during their holidays. 3.5 Ethical consideration Ethical consideration is nothing but some professional side of conduct that every research must have to follow for conducting research in an efficient way. There are some rules that they have pt follow while doing survey from the target audience. The researcher has to follow the ethics that they should not harass any respondents during the survey. They should also take care of the fact that no options provided by the respondents will be biased and their genuine answer will be depicted as given (Ritchie, et al., 2013). Moreover, Council, (2014) depict that according to the Data Protection Act 1998, all the data must have to be protected and not be revealed to anyone. 3.6 Data Analysis There are two methods of data analysis quantitative data analysis and qualitative data analysis. The difference between the two data analysis is that in the former case, the numerical data is assessed while in the latter case the questions asked from managers or person have to be assed (Haberman, 2014). As the question is asked to the respondents, the method that is used by the researcher is quantitative data analysis, which is further supported by the statistical data analysis that is mean, median, mode and standard deviation. The primary reason for the selecting the statistical data analysis method is that it will support the research questionnaire outcome with the result what are the effective factor that affect the most for the leisure traveler to opt for hotel during their holidays. 4.0 References Arefin, M. S., Chang, Z., Morimoto, Y. (2015). Recommending Hotels by Social Conditions of Locations. InTourism Informatics(pp. 91-106). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Bowie, D., Buttle, F. (2013).Hospitality marketing. Taylor Francis. Bryman, A. (2015).Social research methods. Oxford university press. Council, B. M. D. (2014). Your rights under the Data Protection Act 1998. Csikszentmihalyi, M., Larson, R. (2014). Validity and reliability of the experience-sampling method. InFlow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology(pp. 35-54). Springer Netherlands. Escobar-Rodrguez, T., Carvajal-Trujillo, E. (2013). An evaluation of Spanish hotel websites: Informational vs. relational strategies.International Journal of Hospitality Management,33, 228-239. Filieri, R., McLeay, F. (2014). E-WOM and accommodation an analysis of the factors that influence travelers adoption of information from online reviews.Journal of Travel Research,53(1), 44-57. Haberman, S. J. (2014).Analysis of qualitative data: Introductory topics. Academic Press. Harun, A. (2013). Tourism development: An empirical study on Malaysia. Huang, Z. J., Cai, L. A. (2015). Modeling consumer-based brand equity for multinational hotel brandsWhen hosts become guests.Tourism Management,46, 431-443. Lee, S. K. (2015). Quality differentiation and conditional spatial price competition among hotels.Tourism Management,46, 114-122. Lee, V., Lo, A. (2014). From theory to practice: Teaching management using films through deductive and inductive processes.The International Journal of Management Education,12(1), 44-54. Mackey, A., Gass, S. M. (2015).Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Mohammed, I., Guillet, B. D., Law, R. (2014). Competitor set identification in the hotel industry: A case study of a full-service hotel in Hong Kong.International Journal of Hospitality Management,39, 29-40. Mussalam, G. Q., Tajeddini, K. (2016). Tourism in Switzerland: How perceptions of place attributes for short and long holiday can influence destination choice.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management,26, 18-26. Nakatova, D. (2014). Satisfaction with summer holidays in Croatia: Factors of intention to return and of recommendation for stay.Turizam: znanstveno-stru ni  asopis,62(2), 181-188. Nezakati, H., Moghadas, S., Aziz, Y. A., Amidi, A., Sohrabinezhadtalemi, R., Jusoh, Y. Y. (2015). Effect of Behavioral Intention toward Choosing Green Hotels in MalaysiaPreliminary Study.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,172, 57-62. Pimpao, P., Correia, A., Duque, J., Carlos Zorrinho, J. (2014). Exploring effects of hotel chain loyalty program.International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research,8(4), 375-387. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Sakhuja, S., Jain, V., Dweiri, F. (2015). Application of an integrated MCDM approach in selecting outsourcing strategies in hotel industry.International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management,20(3), 304-324. Stanek, J., Babkin, E., Zubov, M. (2016). A new approach to configurable primary data collection.Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. Tutuncu, O., Lieberman, L. (2016). Accessibility of Hotels for People with Visual Impairments: From Research to Practice.Journal of Visual Impairment Blindness,110(3). Yang, Y., Wong, K. K., Wang, T. (2012). How do hotels choose their location? Evidence from hotels in Beijing.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(3), 675-685. Ye, Q., Li, H., Wang, Z., Law, R. (2014). The influence of hotel price on perceived service quality and value in e-tourism an empirical investigation based on online traveler reviews.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,38(1), 23-39. Yego, S. C. (2015). Strategic Factors Influencing Growth of Hotels in Kenya,(A Survey of Selected Hotels in Mombasa County).The International Journal of Business Management,3(10), 409.

Design and Technology-Angelo Kotsis free essay sample

In 1996 Kotsis was then undertook a month of work experience for a graphic design company in the Sydney CBD and in 1997 completed another month of work experience for Design Resource’s design consultancy in Crows Nest. Finally in 1998 Kotsis was offered a position in Design Resources and is still currently working there. Designer’s Work Kotsis’ profession requires him to work in partnership with clients in order to design and develop products that not only have an appealing appearance but are also innovative in their design. Kotsis is also required to manage client projects throughout the entire design process Design Process Whenever Kotsis receives a request from an existing or new client, he and his team of designers take note of what the client wants and they create their own criteria for a successful design. After that the team researches what is out there on the market and determine what the competition is like and what kind of design they should aim for. We will write a custom essay sample on Design and Technology-Angelo Kotsis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This involves researching existing products and finding ideas on how to make a product look and work differently. Kotsis and his team then design a product that meets the criteria and specifications of the client and work with engineers and manufacturers to test and create prototypes of the design out of foam and wood. At the end of the process, the design is finalised and the manufacturer is given a 3D computer model to create the moulds and tools neded for the creation of the design. Specifications, sizes and measurements are also added with the model to ensure the product comes out as planned. Designers brainstormed ideas for how the new torch could look. Courtesy: Design Resource. Designers used computer aided drawing (CAD) and 3D modelling to communicate their ideas. Photo: Powerhouse Musuem. Kotsis has used this design process and applied it to many of his designs. Kotsis has applied this process to his Showershave design and even used this process to design Disney Bedside Lights. Factors Affecting Design One of Kotsis’ famous designs includes the recently introduced Dolphin Eveready Torch. Aesthetics affected this design due to its water themed streamlined frame to give it a modern look. Function affected this design due to the torch’s ability to use existing batteries that are commonly available. Function also affected the torch’s design because of its versatility, it can be used for any situation and used by anyone ranging from tradespeople to normal people. Another way function affects this design is by incorporating many of the functional aspects of the previous Dolphin Eveready Torch, the new torch is able to shine just as brightly as the old torch and is built to be waterproof. Ergonomics affected this design by benefiting users with the features available such as integrated adjustable stands, large textured ergonomic handles, co-moulded tough rubber lens rings, dual facet reflectors. Design Resource Australia Pty Ltd Angelo Kotsis works at Design Resource. A global design consultancy that develops and designs products for clients from all around the world. Design Resource produces designs and works with overseas workshops to mass produce these designs for their clientele. Many of Design Resource’s manufacturing partners in Asia use mass production factories and techniques to produce for their clients. Design resource is a global company with clients and partners around the world. Design Resource currently employs approximately 30 people, including design teams and administration staff. Design Resource currently has an office in Crows Nest Sydney, where clients are able to meet with designers and where designers are able to work as a team. Design Resource only design in Australia, they’re manufacturing partners currently occupy factories in most of Asia. One benefit of mass producing a product is that it increases the speed of production and allows for the standardisation of parts. Another benefit of their manufacturing choice is that it is also very cost effective because of how cheap overseas workers are. One manufacturing method their partners in Asia use for most products is known as casting, this is where a mould is made and a heated up material is pumped into the mould and allowed to solidify. Design Technologies One of the technologies that Kotsis uses for his designs is through Computer Aided Drawing (CAD). This allowed Kotsis to create a variety of designs and to allow changes to be made quickly to his design. Another technology that Kotsis used in the design of his product was 3D modelling, this technology allowed Kotsis to visualise and see his product without having to ship off specifications and wait weeks for a model. With 3D modelling, Kotsis could see what his design looked like and make changes as necessary. Kotsis also used Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFMA) applications, this is a software that combines the methodologies of Design for Manufacturing and Design for Assembling which signifies that this software is able to take into account how the parts of this product will be made and how these parts will be assembled. Some of the advantages of using these kinds of technologies are that they usually save a lot of time in the design process and allow for mistakes to be corrected with ease. Following the traditional method of drawing and building a prototype takes a lot longer compared to simply designing and viewing a model on a computer. Another advantage is that these types of technologies can be used to design more complex products with ease, the use of CAD and DFMA allow for a designer to really spread their wings and design a product as complicated as they want, whereas the old school approach required a very high level of skill and experience to design a complex product. One of the disadvantages of using these kinds of technologies is the price, all of these complex technologies are very expensive and are not available to everyone, usually only big businesses with a lot of money can afford these technologies. Another disadvantage in using these technologies is how hard these technologies are to use, such complex programs require a person to know exactly what they’re doing and how they’re going to do it. Environmental Issues Kotsis addresses environmental issues in his Dolphin Eveready Torch by making the product’s sustainability a high priority. Kotsis succeeded in making his design environmentally sustainable by always minimising material usage and size specifications wherever he could, Kotsis also minimised the use of non-recyclable plastics and so forth. Kotsis designed the Dolphin torch to use as little material as possible and use recyclable material instead. Kotsis also designed the product to be strong and sturdy to not only live up to its reputation but to also lengthen the life of the torch. Kotsis designed the torch to be longlasting so you don’t have to continuously buy another whenever it breaks. Bibliography * Design Resource Pty Ltd, http://www. designresource. com. au/DR/KeyStaff/AngeloKotsis. aspx Accessed 12 May 2013 * Design Resource Pty Ltd, http://www. designresource. com. au/dr. aspx Accessed 12 May 2013 * Design Resource Pty Ltd http://www. designresource. com. au/DR/Services/EngineeringCad. aspx Accessed 14 May 2013 * Powerhouse Museum, last updated 2004, http://www. powerhousemuseum. com/designersatwork/intro. php? ID=1 Accessed 13 May 2013 * Wikipedia, last updated 28 November 2011, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/DFMA Accessed 15 May 2013 *

Lab 6 Essay Example

Lab 6 Paper ? Question 1 10 out of 10 points | | | Name the five types of ecosystems used in this laboratory, [1], [2], [3], [4], and [5]. | | | | | Specified Answer for: 1| Â  tundra| Specified Answer for: 2| Â  taiga| Specified Answer for: 3| Â  desert| Specified Answer for: 4| Â  freshwater lake| Specified Answer for: 5| Â  tropical rain forest| | | | | ? Question 2 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | | Fungi are examples of Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Â  E. decomposers| | | | | ? Question 3 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | The efficiency of energy transfer from a lower trophic level to the next highest level is roughly:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Â  D. 10%| | | | | ? Question 4 10 out of 10 points | | | For the ecosystem organism or type match the organisms with their type or type with type. Answer | | | | | Question| Selected Match| Caribou| Â  B. First Order Heterotroph| Arctic Fox| Â  C. Second Order Heterotroph| Autotroph| Â  A. Producer| Herbivore| Â  B. First Order Heterotr oph| Coyote| Â  C. Second Order Heterotroph| | | | | | ? Question 5 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | You find yourself in an area where there are snakes, hawks and coyotes. Based upon these animal populations, you are most likely in a [__________] ecosystem. Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Â   desert| | | | | ? Question 6 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | | In aquatic ecosystems, biomass is least at which trophic level? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Â  A. Autotrophs| | | | | ? Question 7 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | | Organisms that directly use energy from the sun to make their food are called:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Â  B. Autotrophs| | | | | ? Question 8 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | | Which of the following illustrates the correct ordering of trophic levels? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Â  B. Autotrophs>herbivores>carnivores>decomposers| | | | | ? Question 9 40 out of 40 points | | | Match the organisms present in the various ecosystems with their type. Answer | | | | | Question| Selected Match| Whirligig Beetle| Â  D. First Order Heterotroph| African Elephant| Â  D. First Order Heterotroph| Leopard| Â  B. Third Order Heterotroph| Chimpanzee| Â  C. Second Order Heterotroph| Dragonfly| Â  D. First Order Heterotroph| Mute Swan| Â  D. First Order Heterotroph| Large Mouth Bass| Â  C. Second Order Heterotroph| Bell Frog| Â  C. Second Order Heterotroph| Saguaro Cactus| Â  A. Producer| Velvet Ant| Â  D. First Order Heterotroph| Rattlesnake| Â  C. Second Order Heterotroph| Cactus Wren| Â  C. Second Order Heterotroph| Coyote| Â  C. Second Order Heterotroph| Douglas Fir| Â  A. Producer| Whitetail Deer| Â  D. First Order Heterotroph| Snowshoe Rabbit| Â  D. First Order Heterotroph| Eagle| Â  B. Third Order Heterotroph| Human| Â  B. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab 6 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab 6 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab 6 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Third Order Heterotroph| Snowy Owl| Â  D. First Order Heterotroph| Arctic Wolf| Â  B. Third Order Heterotroph| | | | | | ? Question 10 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | | You are in an area where there are snowy owl, wolves and caribou. You are most likely in a [___________] ecosystem. Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Â   tundra| | | | | ? Question 11 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | | This zone has the greatest concentration of plankton in a freshwater lake ecosystem:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Â  A. Limnetic| | | | | ? Question 12 3. 7 out of 3. points | | | Within an ecosystem:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Â  C. Energy flows in one direction only and nutrients are recycled. | | | | | ? Question 13 0 out of 3. 7 points | | | You are in an area where the ground is littered with what appears to be dry, dead leaves. You are most likely in a [x] ecosystem. Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Â   coniferous forest| | | | | ? Question 14 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | | The ultima te source of energy for most ecosystems is:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Â  B. Sunlight| | | | |

Coke vs Pepsi Race for higher Market Share in Pakistan

Coke vs Pepsi Race for higher Market Share in Pakistan Free Online Research Papers This research report is basically a comparative study of two well known competitors in beverage industry of Pakistan which are Pepsi Cola and Coca Cola. The primary purpose of report is to find out which company is leading the market i.e what are the market share of both companies and what are the tactics used by the leader which make them able to control and influence the market. This research required us to conduct the consumer research, retail survey and interview the marketing managers of both Pepsi Cola and Coca-cola companies so as accomplish the objectives mentioned above. Our research is qualitative and longitudinal in nature and the methodology used to accomplish objectives are surveys, questionnaires and interviews. We have conducted the thorough consumer analysis based on sample size of 200 people from Clifton Karachi to check out consumer preference. We have also looked into the retail business of beverages to find out the supply chain efficiency of both the companies. We have visited both companies offices here in Karachi and interview marketing executives to find out what they think about current situation and what marketing strategies they are perusing in order to gain the maximum out of the industry Finally report concludes the findings and gives recommendations to both these companies so to what measure they should take and on what strategy to focus more. TABLE OF CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2 1.3 OBJECTIVE 3 1.4 RESEARCH METHOD 4 2. MARKETING CONCEPT IN GENERAL 4 2.1 MARKETING 4 2.2 MARKETING STRATEGIE 2.3 MARKETING MIX AND PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE 6 2.4 SWOT ANALYSIS 8 2.5 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR 9 3 COMPANY PROFILE 10 3.1 PEPSI COLA 10 3.2 COCA COLA 11 4. MARKETING STRATEGIES OF PEPSI AND COKE 11 4.1 INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO 11 4.2 PAKISTANI SCENARIO 14 4.2.1 COCA-COLA 14 4.2.2 PEPSI-COLA 20 4.3 RETAIL SURVEYS 24 4.3.1 AGHA SUPER MARKET 24 4.3.2 EBCO 25 4.3.3 PARADISE STORE 25 4.3.4 MOTTAS 26 5. CONSUMER PREFERENCES 27 6. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATION 32 7. REFERENCES 33 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.1 BACKGROUND Market share that any organization holds can be defined as the percentage of total market size that is being served by that company or in more formal language it is â€Å"the proportion of industry sales of a good or service that is controlled by a company.† Customers are the most important for every organization; every organization tries not only to retain satisfied customers but also tries to increase its customer base as much as possible which we have described as market share. It is the primary function of marketing department of any company to analyze its potential customers, make their demand fulfill and compete with its competitors. Same is the case with the beverage industry. In the beverage industry we have two names worldwide which are Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola. These brands are world famous and can be called as the perfect substitute of each other. Pepsi cola was first introduced in 1898 but it was begun selling its product internationally in 1934. PepsiCo, Inc. was founded in 1965 through the merger of Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. Its 2006 revenues are more than $35 billion and more than 157,000 employees. Coca Cola was established on may 8,1886 by Dr John Stith pembuton. The newly founded corporation assumed the name of â€Å"THE COCA COLA COMPANY† IN 1892. Coca cola ranking in fortune 500 is 89 among 500 best companies and its revenue were $ 23 104 millions in 2005. [fortune 500,2006] Global soft drink industry is quite concentrated. Long dominated by two companies, Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo. Basically industry consist of mainly three companies the third is Cadbury Schweppes acquired the Dr. Pepper and 7UP brands in 1995. Three firms accounted for 90% of the U.S. soft drink market in 1998 vs. 2000. According to a survey in 2002 the top one was still Coca-Cola with market share of 44% in 2000, next was PepsiCo with 30.9% share. Dr.Pepper 7UP went down slightly in 2000 at 14.4%.[echeat.com,march 2007] Coca-Cola and PepsiCo experienced a 0.6% drop in soft-drink volume in 2006, significantly steeper than a 0.2% slip in 2005, on waning consumer interest in core brands Coca-Cola Classic and Pepsi-Cola. Volume for caffeinated energy drinks increased. The $70 billion annual beverage market in the U.S. is now consisted of offerings well beyond traditional soft drinks, including sports beverages, bottled water and premium coffees. Coca colas soft-drink market share slid to 42.9% from 43.1% in 2005, while PepsiCos fell to 31.2% from 31.4%. The share of British rival Cadbury Schweppes, which markets Dr. Pepper and 7Up, gained 0.3 percentage point and reached to 14.9%. While Coke and Pepsis namesake brands lost some percentage points in volume, their smaller brands did well. Pepsis Diet Mountain Dew gained 8.5% and Cokes Fanta brand gained 7% increase. Several new products fell flat in the marketplace, like Pepsi Vanilla and Vanilla Coke. The two companies responded to the second consecutive annual volume decline by changing their strategy to roll out a wide range of noncarbonated products.[wall street journal, 2007] In Pakistan scenario we did not find any report that can give us information about the market shares of these two favorite brands, and we have as such no information about who is leading the market. We went to szabist library, we did not find any report on pepsi and coke market shares and on their competition. Based on this literature review and since no such work we found on this topic we have developed the research problem as under. 1.2 Research problem Coke v/s Pepsi : Race for the highest market share While beverage industry is on a boost in Pakistan, both coke and Pepsi have to review there marketing strategies in order to gain the maximum share out of the 120 million cases market. Here the purpose of our research is to find out whether either Pepsi or coke is currently leading the market in Pakistan, and how have they achieved it, following what marketing strategy and product lines and how they are going to maintain there share in the market in future. Are consumers satisfied? If not, what steps should be taken by both these giant companies and what are they doing for society? 1.3 Objectives: These are following objectives which we will be focusing in our report. To find out the marketing strategies of Coke and Pepsi. To find out the impacts of marketing strategies of both the companies on their consumers. To explore the market shares of Pepsi and Coke in Pakistan. To find out what customer prefer while selecting a particular beverage. To find out what percentage of total market is covered by other international and local beverages. 1.4 Research Methodology: a) Type of Study: This is a comparative study of observing the two giant competitors Pepsi vs. Coke , this research can be categorized as qualitative as well as longitudinal, here we will be using graphs, bars, pi-chart and analyzing the market shares, growth prospects, customer’s loyalties, and marketing strategies of two well known beverage companies. b) Data Collection: We will be using both primary and secondary sources of data collection. Our primary source of data for this research will be interviews with managers of two companies, questionnaires, interviews with employees and customers, we will also go to retail stores and take interviews and fill out questionnaires. Secondary sources of data are internet surfing, companies’ annual reports, manuals journals and books. Our sample size will be filling out questionnaires from 200 students of szabist customers. c) Sample Size Procedure We are using the convenience sampling method and our locality is Clifton, we will distribute 200 questionnaires to student of Szabist. We will go to conduct interview in 5 well known retail stores of Clifton. We will also arrange the interview with the marketing head of the two companies. 2 MARKETING CONCEPTS IN GENERAL 2.1 MARKETING: It is a task of creating, promoting, and delivering goods and service to consumer and business. Marketers are skilled in stimulating demand or company’s product, but this is to limit a view of the task marketer performs. Just as production and logistic professional are responsible for supply management, marketer is responsible for demand management. Marketing manager seeks to influence the level, timing, and composition of demand to meet the organization objective. Eight different state demands and the corresponding task facing marketing manager: negative demand, no demand, latent demand, decline demand, irregular demand, full demand overfull demand unwholesome demand Marketing people are involved in marketing 10 types of entities: goods, services, experience, events, person, place, properties, organization, information and idea. â€Å"MARKETING IS CONCIEVING AND PRODUCING† This is an general view about marketing but there are two types of definition of marketing: The social definition shows the role marketing plays in society. It is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, oaring and freely exchanging product and service and value with others. According to managerial perspective, it is an art of selling a product but most people are surprised when they hear that most important part of marketing is not selling! Selling is n tip of the marketing ice burg. There are several different concepts in marketing like as follows: Target marketing ad segmentation: a marketer rarely satisfies everyone in a market. Not every one likes the same soft drink, hotel room, and restaurant. Therefore marketer starts by dividing the market. They identify and profile distinct groups of buyer who might prefer varying product and servicing mixes. Market Segment is examining demographic, psychographic, and behavioral differences among buyer. The marketer decides which segment gives the more opportunity it is a target market or each chosen target market the firm develops a market offering. The offering is positioned in the mind of the target buyer as delivering some central benefits. Product, Offering, and brand: companies address needs by putting forth a value proposition, a set of benefits they offer to customer to satisfy their needs. The intangible value propositioned is made physical by an offering, which can be combination of products, services, information and experiences. A brand is an offering from a known source. A brand name Pepsi carries many associations in the mind of people. Value and Satisfaction: the offering will be successful if it is deliver value and satisfaction to the target buyer. The buyer chooses between different offering on the basis of which is perceived to deliver the most value. Value is the combination of quality, service and price. We can also say that the value is a ratio between what customer gets and what he gives. Supply Chain: the supply chain describe a longer channel stretching from the raw material to component to the finished goods that are carried to the final buyer. Example: the supply chain of women purse start with hides, and moves through tanning operation, cutting operation, manufacturing and marketing channel bringing product to customers. When companies acquire competitors or moves upstream or downstream, its aim is to capture a higher percentage of supply chain value. Competition: it includes all the actual and potential rival offerings and substitute that a buyer might consider. There are four level of competition based on the degree of product substitutability: ? Brand competition ? Industry competition ? Form competition ? Generic competition. [Kotler, Marketing Management, 2002] 2.2 MARKETING STRETAGIES: The strategic plan defines the companies overall mission and objectives. Consumer stands in the center. The goal is to build strong and profitable relationship. Marketing strategy is a logic by which the company hopes to achieves its profitable relationship. Through market segmentation, targeting, and positioning the company decide which customer it will serve and how, then divide it into smaller segment, select the most promising segment. Companies need customer centered. They win customer from competitor, then keep and grow them by delivering greater value. But before, it can satisfy consumer, a company must first understand their need and wants. Thus, sound marketing require a careful customer analysis. 2.3 MARKETING MIX: when company decides all their marketing strategy, it is ready to begin planning the detail of marketing mix, it is the main concept in marketing. The set of controllable, tactical marketing tools product, price, place, and promotion- that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market The marketing mix consist of every thing the firm can do influence the demand of there product. It is also called â€Å"4P’s†: product, price, place, and promotion. Product: it means the good and services combination the company offers to the target market. Price: it is amount of money customer have to pay to obtain the product. Place: it includes company activities that make the product available to target consumer Promotion: it means activities that communicate the merit of the product and persuade target customer to buy it. An effective marketing program blends the entire marketing mix- element in to a coordinated program designed to achieve the company’s marketing objective by deliver value to consumer. It is the company tactical tool kit for establishing strong positioning in target market. Here another thing is important the four P’s concept takes the seller’s point of view of the market from the buyer perspective it can be described 4 C’s: customer solution, customer cost, convenience, communication. Marketer see themselves as selling product, customer see themselves as buying value or solution to their problem. And customer are interested in more than just price; they are interested in the total cost of obtaining, using, and disposing of a product. Customers want the product and service to be conveniently available as possible. And last, they want two way communications. Marketer would do well to think through the four c’s first and then build the four p’s on that platform. [Kotler, Principle of Marketing, 2002] PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE: a product processes through series of stages from introduction to growth, maturity and decline. For example, a seed is planted (introduction); it begins to sprout (growth); it shoots out leaves and puts down roots as it becomes an adult (maturity); after a long period as an adult the plant begins to shrink and die out (decline). In theory its same as products. INTRODUCTION STAGE: in introduction stage, the firm build product awareness. Its impact on marketing mix as follows: Products: branding and quality level is established and intellectual property protection such as patent and trade marks are obtained. Price: low penetration pricing to build market share rapidly. Distribution: it is selective until consumer show acceptance the product. Promotion: it is aimed at innovator and early adaptor. Marketing communication to build product awareness and educate potential consumer about the product. GROWTH STAGE: in growth stage firms develop brand preference and increase market share. Product: quality is maintained and additional features and support service may be added. Pricing: it is maintained as the firm enjoys increasing demand and little competition. Distribution: distribution channel are added as demand increase and customer accept the product. Promotion: it aimed to broader audience. MATURITY STAGE: in this stage strong growth in sales is diminish. Competition may appear with similar product. The primary objective at this point is to defined market share while maximizing profit. Product: features may be enhanced to differentiate the product from that of competitor. Price: it is lower because of new competition. Distribution: become more intensive and incentives may be offered to encourages preference over competing product. Promotion: emphasis on product differentiation. DECLINE STAGE: sales decline, firm has several options. Maintaining product, possibly rejuvenating it by adding new features and finding new uses. Harvest the product- reduce cost and continue to offer it, possibly to be loyal niche segment. Discontinue the product, liquidating new inventory or selling it to another firm that is willing to continue the product. Marketing mix of the decline stage will depend on the selected strategy. For example: the product may be changed if it is rejuvenated, or left unchanged if it is harvested. Price may be maintained if the product is harvested, or reduced drastically if it is liquidated. [ Quick MBA, 2006] 2.4 SWOT ANALYSIS: Over all evaluation o the company’s strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat is called SWOT analysis [Kotler, Marketing Management, July 2002] INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTOR: The aim of any SWOT analysis is to identify the key internal and external factors that are important to achieving the objective. SWOT analysis groups key pieces of information into two main categories: Internal factors The strengths and weaknesses internal to the organization. External factors The opportunities and threats presented by the external environment. The internal factors may be viewed as strengths or weaknesses depending upon their impact on the organizations objectives. What may represent strengths with respect to one objective may be weaknesses for another objective. The factors may include all of the 4Ps; as well as personnel, finance, manufacturing capabilities, and so on. The external factors may include macroeconomic matters, technological change, legislation, and socio-cultural changes, as well as changes in the marketplace or competitive position. SWOT analysis is just one method of categorization and has its own weaknesses. For example, it may tend to persuade companies to compile lists rather than think about what is really important in achieving objectives. It also presents the resulting lists uncritically and without clear prioritization so that, for example, weak opportunities may appear to balance strong threats. It is prudent not to eliminate too quickly any candidate SWOT entry. The importance of individual SWOTs will be revealed by the value of the strategies it generates. A SWOT item that produces valuable strategies is important. A SWOT item that generates no strategies is not important. [ Wikipedia, 20 march 2007] 2.5 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR: it is refer to the buying behavior of final consumer i.e. individual and house hold who buy goods and services or personal consumption. All of these final consumers combine to make up the consumer market. Consumer around the world very tremendously in age, income, education level, and taste. They also buy incredible variety of goods and services. How these diverse consumers connect with each other and with other element of the world around them impact their choices among various products, services, ad companies. MODEL OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR: consumer makes buying decision every day. Most of the large company’s research consumer buying decision in great detail to answer question about what consumer buy. Where they buy, how much they buy, when they buy, marketer can study actual consumer purchases to find out what they buy. Where and how much. Penetrating the dark recesses of the consumer‘s is not an easy task. Often consumers themselves don’t know exactly what influence their purchase. The central question for marketer is; how does consumer respond to various marketing efforts the company might use? The starting point is the stimulus- response model of buyer behavior, it tells that marketing and other stimuli enter the consumer black box and produce a certain result. Marketer must figure out what is in buyer black boxes. Marketing stimuli consist o 4p’s other stimuli include major forces and events in the buyer’s environment; economical, technological, political, cultural. All these inputs enters the buyer black box, when they are turned into a set of observable buyer responses; product choice, brand choice, desire choice, purchase timing and purchase amount. The marketer wants to understand how the stimuli are changed into response inside the consumer’s black box. Which has two parts? First, the buyer’s characteristics influence how he or she perceives and react to the stimuli. Second, the buyer’s decision processes itself affect the buyer’s behavior. 3 COMPANY PROFILE: 3.1 PEPSI COLA: History 1893 Caleb Bradham, a young pharmacist from New Bern, North Carolina, begins experimenting with many different soft drink concoctions; patrons and friends sample them at his drugstore soda fountain. 1898 One of Calebs formulations, known as Brads Drink, a combination of carbonated water, sugar, vanilla, rare oils and cola nuts, is renamed Pepsi-Cola on August 28, 1898. Pepsi-Cola receives its first logo. Pepsi Cola in PAKISTAN 1959 Pepsi Cola was introduced in Pakistan but due to lack of awareness it was unsuccessful therefore the headquarters decided to windup their business in Pakistan 1963 It came again with much revised Strategy, facing a lot of difficulties in promoting there product and competing against COCA COLA which was a well established brand here in Pakistan and for that reason Pepsi once again went back 1979 Pepsi had secretly promoted its diversified products and carter to all demographic groups of Pakistan there for in with in 5 years they emerged as a market leader, having 72% of market share while COCO COLA had only 28% share. 3.2 COCA COLA: In the highly competitive world of the soft drink industry, the Coca Cola Company stands out as one of the top competitors. The company began its humble beginning in Atlanta Georgia, in the backyard of Dr.John Stith Pembuton, on May 8, 1886. The same month, the first advertisement appeared in the local newspaper. Portion of this business were sold to various partners and the remaining to the Asa G. Candler. Soon after the inventor’s death, Candler and a few other associates buy out the company to assume complete control. The newly founded corporation assumed the name â€Å"The Coca Cola Company† in 1892. And the trademark emblem is introduced to the US Patent Office. In 1916, the first â€Å"official† Coca Cola bottle was approved by the corporation. Marketing strategies begin whole heartedly in the late 20’s. Coca Cola is the first to introduce the six bottle carton. In 1945, Coke listed with the US Patent Office and soon Minute Maid was merged with the Coca Cola Company. Sprite, TABB, Mellow Yellow, Rablin’s Root Beer, and Mr. Pibb are introduced shortly after. Sprite, TABB, Mellow Yellow, Rablin’s Root Beer, and Mr. Pibb are introduced shortly after. 4 MARKETING STRETAGIES OF PEPSI VS COKE: 4.1 International Scenario Marketing Strategies of Pepsi CO: The keys to Pepsi reaching its goals are to concentrate its resources on growing its current businesses and acquiring related companies to broaden its product line. An ongoing battle for market share has existed for over 75 years. Company has tried a number of strategies to gain a sustainable competitive advantage. These strategies included: Introducing new soft drink products Diversification Aggressive advertising campaigns Pepsi must identify and implement the strategy best suited to gain the competitive advantage in the soft drink industry on a world-wide basis. Product analysis and Strategies Product Strategy:- Packaging Providing their consumers with easy-to-use, convenient and innovative containers are one of their top priorities. Package introductions theyve made over the years include the industrys first 1  ½ liter bottle; Regular, Disposable; Can. Pepsi Co. was the first company to respond to consumer preference with lightweight, recyclable, plastic bottles. These bottles are made of polyethylene terephthalate or PET plastic, which is a form of polyester used to make strong, lightweight, shatter-resistant bottles. Price Strategy In the US, Pepsi prices its products similar to those of Coca-Cola in order to keep profits high. Competition in the US is based mainly on marketing skill rather than price to help avoid costly price wars and keep profits stable. But some times Pepsi offer least cost to attract buyers as it did in New York City in 1933. Since neither of the major manufacturers would win a price war, it is unwritten rule that the companies will follow the pricing structure of the market leader, which is Coca-Cola. While this amounts to price fixing, there has been has not been any major government actions to curtail the practice so it should continue in the future. PepsiCo’s current retail prices range depending on the convenience of the location in which they are located and depending on the size of the soft drink container. On average, a 12 ounce can is between $.25 $.99, a 20 ounce plastic bottle is between $.50 and $1.29, and a 2 liter plastic bottle is between $.50 and $1.95. Promotion Strategy Pepsi promotes its products in a many ways, but focuses mainly on getting products associated with entertainment icons that appeal to youth. The first major use of this technique was the signing of Michael Jackson as spokesperson in 1984. His worldwide appeal allowed Pepsi to attract customers in the US and foreign countries. Pepsi has followed this strategy by signing other pop music stars like Lionel Ritchie and, Tina Turner. Two other areas of entertainment that have been used by Pepsi to promote its brands are sports and movies. Sports are a popular source of entertainment throughout the world and is a using it to promote the brand is a main focus of Pepsi. Since sporting events are seen many times by fans, it provides a good opportunity to increase brand recognition. Movie stars are also popular throughout the world and are greatly admired by people, so using them in advertising has a positive effect brand image. Place (Distribution) Strategy Distribution is an important aspect of success in the beverage industry. Since the cola companies want to focus on making syrup and marketing, they need to have strong, loyal bottlers. This is especially the case in foreign markets where the cola companies fiercely battle for good bottlers. The building of bottlers through joint ventures and the increased maintenance of current bottler relationship should be the main focus of Pepsi’s international marketing. One of Coca-Cola’s major strength’s is its ability to build relationships with its bottlers. Coca-Cola is very methodical in making sure that its bottlers are happy, while Pepsi has been known for neglecting its bottlers. This is one area that Pepsi must improve if it is going to take market share away from Coca-Cola. Marketing Strategies of Coke: The Company is guided by six strategic priorities and four principles of citizenship. Their strategic priorities outline how they seek to create value as they continue to pursue growth. Their six strategic priorities are: Accelerated soft drink growth, led by the coca cola Selectively broaden their family of beverage brand drive to profitable growth Growth system profitability and capability together with their bottling partners Serve customers with creativity and consistency to generate growth across all channels Direct investment to highest potential area across market Drive efficiency and cost effectiveness every where. At The Coca-Cola Company, sustainable success means operating responsibly and creating enduring economic value that serves their business and their share owners well. As they continue to listen, learn and build, they strive for a model that is relevant, industry-specific, systematic and as attainable as it is accountable. The elements on which they focus are broad and varied: Promoting ethical management Fostering a holistic understanding of their business Cultivating talent and diversity of though Developing intrinsic knowledge of the cultures and countries where we do business Using financial resources with insight, focus and care Helping improve the quality of life in their communities Listening and responding to stakeholder concerns Reinvesting to perpetuate the best of their ideas and values Managing their environmental impact responsibly 4.2 PAKISTANI SCENARIO: 4.2.1 COCA-COLA SURVEY Coca-cola’s inception in Pakistan relates to the year 1950 when it was introduced in Pakistan for the very first time. Since then, it operated in Pakistan as a franchise and became the market leader as there was no competition then. Coca-cola leaded the market for some 37 years but then its share succumbed to the fierce competition with Pepsi-cola, another US based beverage and fast food selling company who started operations in Pakistan in 1960. In 1996, coca-cola started operating as a multinational in Pakistan and took over all the franchise business prevailing since its inception. Since then, maintaining its share in the market became a nightmare for coca-cola. Being a multinational, it has to pay millions as taxes to the government i.e. almost 3 times as much as Pepsi pays. Pay scales at coca-cola are much higher than that at Pepsi; the difference is about 30%. There is a lot of commission being paid to the retailers, the setup appliances includes a refrigerator and a fridge which costs around Rs.68000 per setup. Being a multinational, decision making is slow because of organizational structure and hierarchy. It takes three years to regain a contract with a retailer if lost once. According to coca-cola Pakistan ltd. The main problem that they are facing lies in its supply chain process and its limited resources that refrains it from advertising as much as other competitors do. For resolving the advertisement problem, coca-cola has outsourced its advertisement and publicity. For supply chain, cities are divided into sectors and sub-sectors for instant access and deliveries, has doubled the staff and restructuring the company for a faster recovery. Political and environment factors have hit coca-cola very badly in Pakistan. According to them, Pepsi has an edge over them because they are operating as a franchise and not as multinational so it helps reduce them taxes which is a big difference. Coca-cola uses a short term marketing plan which lasts for 6 to 12 months with changes keep coming. Coca-cola Pakistan admits that currently the market share of coca-cola is 28% which is very low as compared to Pepsi that stands at 70%. Coca-cola is hopeful that the above mentioned problems if resolved would help them come back into the business but it would take sometime. The company has still a substantial growth rate in the country i.e. 25%. flexible and willing to change to satisfy consumers’ needs, has enabled Coca-Cola to exploit the economies of scale that was gained by its global marketing and at the same time making its products appeal to local taste, which these have earned the company an enormous profits quarterly. As Coca-Cola has expanded over the decades or even nearly a century, the company has benefited from the various cultural insights and perspectives of the societies in which business is done. No doubt of the remarkable experience it has, it is still very committed to local markets, to paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink, and where and how they like to drink it, to remain competitive and to develop more new drinks to satisfy its markets. Now, the estimated brand equity of Coca-Cola is $84billion, market share of more than 50 percent in beverage industry globally and about 70 percent of its income comes from countries outside United States. Every 10 seconds, 126,000 people in the whole world, choose to reach out for one of The Coca-Cola Company brands, and it is the company’s mission to make that choice exciting and satisfying, every single time. Not only to make great drinks, Coca-Cola is also determined to contribute to communities around the world through its commitments to education, health, wellness, and diversity and consistently shaping its business decisions to improve the quality of life in the communities in which the company do business. SWOT ANALYSIS COCA-COLA CO. Internal Factors Strengths Weaknesses Management More structured/formal hierarchy Slow Decision making Product Line Unique, tastes good, competitive price Low on availability Marketing Low costs due to outsourcing Low budget for Marketing Personnel International, diverse positions Possible conflicts due to so many people Finance High sales revenue, high sale growth, large capital base. High tax payments Manufacturing Low costs and liabilities due to self supplying capability Lose control on inventory control and distribution Research Development Continuous efforts to research trends and reinforce creativity. May concentrate too much on existing products, External Factors Opportunities Threats Consumer/ Social Huge market in the healthy products and growing market for soft drinks Low availability might looses consumer loyalty. Competitive Distinctive name, product and packaging in with regards to its markets. Not entirely patentable, constant attack by competitors. Technological Internet promotion such as banner ads and keywords can increase their sales, more computerized manufacturing and ordering processes can increase their efficiency. Computer breakdowns, viruses and hackers can reduce efficiency, and must constantly update products or other competitors will be more advanced. Economic Consumer income is moderate, more tend to eat out, convenience is important to people Very elastic demand, almost pure competition. Legal/ Regulatory Opportunity to win hearts through social responsibility Opposite is also possible MARKETING STRATEGIES COCA-COLA CO. In 2005, the Company established the SEVEN plans for our success. As the Company executes these priorities around the world, we are guided by the following operating principles: 1. The consumer is at the center of everything we do. 2. We will strengthen and protect our core branded beverage business by building global brands. 3. Relevance and differentiation are the basis of our competitive advantage. 4. We will sustain our success by creating new ways to deliver value through innovation. 5. Resource allocation will be determined by the potential for opportunity-driven growth. 6. Our actions will be guided by entrepreneurship, speed-to-market and prudent risk-taking. 7. We will create value beyond our bottom line in every community in which we operate. Six Strategic Priorities That Coca-Cola Follows: 1. Accelerate carbonated soft drink growth lead by coca-cola 2. Selectively broaden our family of beverage brands to drive profitable growth 3. Grow system profitability and compatibility together with our bottling partners 4. Serve customers with creativity and consistency to generate growth across different channels 5. Direct investments to highest potential areas across markets 6. Drive efficiency and cost effectiveness everywhere Marketing Mix Coca-Cola Co. Product Strategy:- Packaging They provide with consumers with easy-to-use, convenient and innovative competitive containers as one of their top benefits. Like pepsi, it has also introdued disposable plastic bottles as well as regular and jumbo size bottles with different price ranges in order to cater to the customers belonging to different income groups in the society that prevails in Pakistan, with lightweight, recyclable, plastic bottles. Pricing Coke prices its products similar to those of Pepsi in order to keep profits high. Competition in the industry is based mainly on marketing skill rather than price to help avoid costly price wars and keep profits stable. Since neither of the major manufacturers would win a price war, it is unwritten rule that the companies will follow the pricing structure of the market leader like Pepsi in Pakistan. While this amount to price fixing, there has not been any major government actions to curtail the practice so it should continue in the future. Coke-Co’s current retail prices ranges are similar to those of pepsi due to competition and s depending on the convenience of the location in which they are located and depending on the size of the soft drink container. On average, a 330ML can is between Rs20 – 25, 500ML plastic bottle is between Rs.20 and 25, and a 1 an a half liter plastic bottle is between Rs.40 and 45. PROMOTION Coke does not promote its products as often as pepsi does because of lack of resources as it pays millions in taxes being a multinational. Like pepsi, coke also Promote its products in a many ways, but focuses mainly on getting products associated with entertainment icons that appeal to youth. Coke also has followed this strategy by signing other bollywood stars like Aamir Khan and other acters/actresses. Some of the ways in which Coke attracts consumers are: Discounts ( RAMDAN Offers) In-Store Displays – Signs, banners etc. Sponsorship – sports teams/clubs/events Place (Distribution) Strategy Distribution is an important aspect of success in the beverage industry. But the problem with coca-cola Pakistan is that the distribution and placement of the product is very slow due to the fact that decisions at coca-cola takes time. The problem is being solved by doubling the number of sales guys and dividing cities into sectors and sub sectors so as to Approach retailers as soon as they join the market and meet the demand properly. 4.2.2 PEPSI-COLA SURVEY Pepsi-cola’s inception in Pakistan relates back to the year 1959, when coca-cola had already established itself as a well known and demanded product in the country. Due to lack of awareness and strong coca-cola loyalty pepsi was forced to quit operations in Pakistan soon. But pepsi did not give up and came back again in 1963, but again it faced difficulty in entering the market and was pushed back again. In 1973, while coca-cola was enjoying its full share in the market, Pepsi secretly started to promote its products and catered to all demographic groups in Pakistan and took over the market within 5 years of its operations. Pepsi says the reasons for its success are mainly due to the fact that it operated as a franchise system while coca-cola was took over by coca-cola international and became a multinational. Pepsi says unlike coca-cola, they cater to a much larger segment because of their diversified product lines which doesn’t limit them to soft drinks but to mineral water, Juices and fast foods as well. Pepsi says one of their greatest edges over coca-cola lies in there franchised operations that allows them to take quick and spontaneous decisions which coca-cola cannot because of there organizational hierarchy that slows the process of decision making. The taxes that Pepsi-cola saves being operating as franchise enables it to focus more on advertisements and promotions of their products. Availability and meeting the demand is one key factor that contributes to Pepsi-cola’s success in Pakistan. Reaching the retailers sooner than coca-cola can and finalizing deals in no time, Pepsi enjoys its lead time benefit over coke. SWOT ANALYSIS PEPSI CO. Internal Factors Strengths Weaknesses Management Experienced, broad base of interests and knowledge Large size may lead to conflicting interests Product Line Unique, tastes good, competitive price, and convenient New one calorie products have no existing customer base, generic brands can make similar drinks – cheaper Marketing Diverse global awareness May lose focus, may not be segmented enough. Personnel International, diverse positions Possible conflicts due to so many people, possible trouble staying focused. Finance High sales revenue, high sale growth, large capital base. High expenses may have trouble balancing cash-flows of such a large operation. Manufacturing Low costs and liabilities due to outsourcing of bottling. Lose control and quality standards. Research Development Continuous efforts to research trends and reinforce creativity. May concentrate too much on existing products, intrapreneuralship may not be welcomed. External Factors Opportunities Threats Consumer/ Social Huge market in the healthy products and growing market for specialized foods for ethnic groups. More expensive products than Coke, such a high price may limit lower income families from buying a Pepsi product. Competitive Distinctive name, product and packaging in with regards to its markets. Not entirely patentable, constant attack by competitors. Technological Internet promotion such as banner ads and keywords can increase their sales, more computerized manufacturing and ordering processes can increase their efficiency. Computer breakdowns, viruses and hackers can reduce efficiency, and must constantly update products or other competitors will be more advanced. Economic Consumer income is moderate, more tend to eat out, convenience is important to consumers. Very elastic demand, almost pure competition. Legal/ Regulatory Opportunity to win hearts through social responsibility Opposite is also possible Marketing Mix Pepsi Co. Packaging Providing their consumers with easy-to-use, convenient and innovative containers are one of their top priorities. Package introductions theyve made over the years include the industrys first 1 ½ liter bottle; Regular, Disposable; Can. Pepsi Co. was the first company to respond to consumer preference with lightweight, recyclable, plastic bottles. These bottles are made of polyethylene terephthalate or PET plastic, which is a form of polyester used to make strong, lightweight, shatter-resistant bottles. Price Strategy Pepsi prices its products similar to those of Coca-Cola in order to keep profits high. Competition in the is based mainly on marketing skill rather than price to help avoid costly price wars and keep profits stable. But some times Pepsi offer least cost to attract buyers as it did in New York City in 1933. Since neither of the major manufacturers would win a price war, it is unwritten rule that the companies will follow the pricing structure of the market leader. While this amount to price fixing, there has not been any major government actions to curtail the practice so it should continue in the future. PepsiCo’s current retail prices range depending on the convenience of the location in which they are located and depending on the size of the soft drink container. On average, a 330ML can is between Rs20 – 25, 500ML plastic bottle is between Rs.20 and 25, and a 1 an a half liter plastic bottle is between Rs.40 and 45. Promotion Strategy Pepsi promotes its products in a many ways, but focuses mainly on getting products associated with entertainment icons that appeal to youth. The first major use of this technique was the signing of Pakistan cricket team as celebrities. Pepsi has followed this strategy by signing other pop music stars like junaid jamshed and other singers. Two other areas of entertainment that have been used by Pepsi to promote its brands are sports and movies. Sports are a popular source of entertainment throughout the world and is a using it to promote the brand is a main focus of Pepsi. Since sporting events are seen many times by fans, it provides a good opportunity to increase brand recognition. Movie stars are also popular throughout the world and are greatly admired by people, so using them in advertising has a positive effect brand image. Some of the ways in which Pepsi attract consumers are:  ¨ Free Samples ( New product – DEW)  ¨ Discounts ( RAMDAN Offers)  ¨ In-Store Displays – Signs, banners etc.  ¨ Entertainment – Games with free T-shirts, Pepsi points under the cap etc.  ¨ Sponsorship – sports teams/clubs/events Place (Distribution) Strategy Distribution is an important aspect of success in the beverage industry. Since the cola companies want to focus on making syrup and marketing, they need to have strong, loyal bottlers. This is especially the case in foreign markets where the cola companies fiercely battle for good bottlers. The building of bottlers through joint ventures and the increased maintenance of current bottler relationship should be the main focus of Pepsi’s international marketing. One of Coca-Cola’s major strength’s is its ability to build relationships with its bottlers. Coca-Cola is very methodical in making sure that its bottlers are happy, while Pepsi has been known for neglecting its bottlers. This is one area that Pepsi must improve if it is going to take market share away from Coca-Cola. Product is distributed through PepsiCo distribution centers. The distributor delivers it to the grocery retailers, vending companies, restaurants, and warehouse/club stores. The distribution segments can be broken down into the following: Convenience Stores and Gas Stations: 12% of the market Vending Companies: 11% of the market Restaurants: 20% of the market Warehouse/Club Stores: 6% of the market Super Markets and Retail Stores: 51% of the market. 4.2.3 RETAIL SURVEYS: For the purpose of investigating which brand is more popular and which brand holds more markets share it is necessary to go to place where people buy from which are retail stores. Since we have selected Clifton and for retail surveys we have selected 5 well known stores in the locality. We conducted interviews and asked several questions from them relating to our purpose of study. The questionnaire we have developed can also be found in appendices. 4.2.3.1 AGHA SUPER MARKET: Agha super market a well known name among super markets of Karachi is located at Shawn circle and has been doing business there for 30 years. The person whom we talk to belong to the purchasing department of Agha super market . In answering to our questions the revealed the following precious information to us. In addition to keeping whole family of both pepsi and coke they also keep energy drinks, imported juices and Pakola. According to them the margins they receive from Pepsi and Coke are similar and both give same incentives on selling particular amount of bottles in a month, but Pepsi used to give more in past. According to them customers like both and alternatively take if one is not available but still the demand for Pepsi is noticeably higher than Coke and that’s the reason they stock more Pepsi than Coke. They also told us that they allow to set up kiosk out of store to any one who wants to run promotion campaigns, like they told us they gave for Aquafina promotion. They told us that since Coke is not giving equal margins on Kinley like Pepsi on its Aquafina so they are not keeping Coke’s water. The reason they told us about the high demand of Pepsi is their rigorous and high budget on advertising through which they are able to influence their customers. They usually play emotional tactics by taking national heros in their advertisements and also create some adventure situations which help them create specific image in customers mind. The person whom we talked to told us that if beverage market is of 10,000 bottles than 6000 is covered by Pepsi, 3000 covered by Coke and remaining 10% is divided among imported juices, energy drinks, and Dr Pepper of Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages. 4.2.3.2 EBCO: EBCO is also in the tuff competition with other supermarkets in Clifton and located in the famous Forum mall. The person who talked with us in investigating about the marketing share of both the companies is tore manager. He shared with us following information. They also keep imported juices, energy drinks and Pakola in addition with keeping families of Pepsi and Coke. They also shared the same information that other stores provided us that both give same margins and incentives. They also do not keep Kinley of Coke due to same reason that Coke does not give equal margins as Pepsi gives on its Aquafina. They keep more stock of Pepsi than Coke due to the same reason that Pepsi is asked more than than Coke. In answering to question, what is their opinion why Pepsi is asked more than Coke, They said that Pepsi is well established brand in market and its due to is heavy advertisement that helped Pepsi to gain more market share than Coke they also shared that Pepsi high shares is also due to the unavailability in the market . They told us that Coke sales in their store is half of Pepsi. 4.2.3.3 MOTTAS: Is a well known retail store located near Shawn circle have been operating for more than 20 years and have 2 floors. The information they have shared with us were as under. They keep with them Pakola, Dr Pepper and imported juices other than Pepsi and Coke. The complete family of Coke and Pepsi is kept at their store and mostly upper class makes purchases of these beverages. Pepsi is sold more as comparatively. The ratio is like 5000 bottles of Pepsi and 2200 bottles of Coke are sold in a month (assumption made by the interviewee). The reason why Pepsi is sold more is according to them, it is due to the Pepsi’s brand name and their effective marketing campaigns. Talking about the margins given by Pepsi and Coke they disclosed both give almost same margins but Coke some times give them more to make retailer sell its product more but due to the high demand they keep Pepsi more. They keep Aquafina of Pepsi but not kinley of Coke because Coke is not giving good margins on its water. 4.2.3.4 PARADISE STORE: This store is also located at Shawn circle and just near to well known Agha super market and has been operated for 25 years.The person whom we spoke with is Mr Aslam belong to the purchasing department of Paradise store. The information they disclosed is as under. They do not keep any other brnads than Pepsi and Coke. They keep their whole family, energy drinks and imported juices.They also revealed that Pepsi is sold more as compare to Coke and the assumption they made is, like if 10,000 bottles of Pepsi are sold than only 5200 bottles of Coke are sold in month. Normally educated and upper class spends on these beverages and the reason why Pepsi’s sales are more in their opinion is due to their heavy and effective advertising campaigns and their supply chain and reason why Coke is not sold more is due to their un effective supply chain they told us that although it is available in supermarkets but it is hard to find at other places that is the reason the brand which people find more they stick to it. Both the brands give same margins and both give almost same incentives if particular sales level are achieved by the store.They also gave the same reason why they do not keep Kinley of Coke is Coke gives less margins than Pepsi gives on Aq uafina.. From the retail surveys we can conclude first that market share of Pepsi is double than the Coke’s share. The information which almost every retailer told us is that Coke’s share is half, every one told us that Pepsi sales are some where around 60% Coke’s sales are 30% and other drinks like fresh juices, imported energy drinks and Dr Pepper comprise 10% of total. 6 CONSUMER SURVEY ANALYSIS CONSUMER LIKES DISLIKES consumers when asked about their likeness and dislike ness for soft drinks in general, 90% said they like it and 10% said they don’t like and use them. Frequency of consumption When asked the question, how frequently do they use/consume soft drinks, it was known that majority were daily consumers i.e 48% of the males and 40% of the females. Attachment/association with the brand When asked the question of attachment with a particular company, our research gave us the following results. Males are more attached to Pepsi-cola with 52% while females more attached to coca-cola with 49%. Consumer preferences When asked about consumer preferences, sample analysis showed quite an amazing result i.e. coca-cola beat Pepsi-cola in both male/female samples with a 50% weight age in males and 51% weight age in females. Reason for likeness/dislike ness When asked the question that what makes them choose between a Pepsi-cola and a coca-cola product, the basic reason that came out to be very strong was the taste with 52% weight age in males and 67% of females. Followed by availability with 17% in males and 10% in females. Distribution of preference to other products of Pepsi-cola When we tried to find out the distribution of consumer preferences over other Pepsi products we got mountain dew to be the number one among males with 31% and seven-up among females with 27% of the sample. Distribution of preference to other products of coca-cola When we tried to find out the distribution of consumer preferences over other coke products we got sprite to be the number one among males and females with 39% of the sample. ` Conclusion of consumer survey We would hereby conclude the survey results specifying reasons given by people included in the survey as to why do they like or dislike coca-cola, pepsi-cola and there different brands/products. Coca-cola The reason for likeness among people as for coca-cola itself is quite common, â€Å"The great taste† it has which they love and which they cannot forget. People say they like the hard taste which is much better than the sweet childish taste that Pepsi has. The second reason that was explored from the sample analysis was that people are too loyal to the brand they like when it comes to coca-cola. Coca-cola’s absence in the market doesn’t seem to have brought a great impact on preferences of coca-cola customers; they still remember the taste and keep searching for it. They don’t want to switch to any other brand in the market. Another reason for coke’s likeness is its quality. For people who value quality in a product says if we like coke, its because it’s a tasty quality products. However, research reveals some reasons for disliking coke also. A very basic reason is that the product has failed to prove its image in the minds of religious minded people in Pakistan as they think coca-cola supports Israel, one of their biggest enemies. The cola sentiments are more attached to coca-cola rather than Pepsi-cola as coke was introduced much earlier than Pepsi and then, it was the market leader for so many years. Availability is a big time issue for coke which is slowly becoming a reason for its bad image. As for other brands of coca-cola, sprite seemed to be the most preferred, both by males and females, reasons for its heavy demand are as per our research, good for digestion and healthy. Also, its color i.e. White, attracts people. As for Fanta, people like the refreshment part but not the color and taste that it has. Taste is sweeter and childish. Team seemed to have quite a fan club but then availability is a big problem for all coca-cola products. Currently, coke has seized its production for team. Pepsi-cola Pepsi is name that people seemed to recognize more in Pakistan. The reason being its extensive advertisement campaigns which are never ending. And this is in accordance with the sample results which showed that people are as much attached to Pepsi as they are to coke despite the fact that Pepsi was introduced much later than coke. Pepsi seemed to be earning more through its diverse product line in the beverage industry rather than its core brand Pepsi. The reason for its likeness are very common and they are one, its ready availability in the market and second, influence of celebrities shown in its advertisement campaigns seems to have earned Pepsi a great customer base. People dislike Pepsi for quite the similar reasons for which they dislike coke, i.e its support for Israel. But there are other factors as well among which its sweeter taste is not admired by many. Some people say that its not good for health specially bones and teeth. As for other products of Pepsi-cola, mountain dew seems to be very popular among males and seven up among females. People admire dew for the refreshing effects and the adventurous feeling they get because of the advertisement influences. They admire seven-up because of the healthier features related to digestion and white color that is more preferable over black. Tropicana, a relatively new brand seems to be penetrating in the market very quickly and attracting consumers at a very fast pace. Consumers say it has a nice taste with no soda and its refreshing and light because its more like a fruit juice. People dislike dew mainly because of its green color and health hazards i.e. Bad for the male fertility. Some say its taste is not that great. Seven-up is also not admired by many because of its taste. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS We hereby conclude our findings about the market share of Pepsi and coke in the beverage industry. Coke is the market challenger with a market share of 28% and with an annual growth rate of 25% in the industry, while Pepsi is the market leader with a 60% share in the industry. These findings are based on the interviews conducted with the managers of the well known super stores in the region of Clifton Karachi. However other international and local brands which includes imported energy drinks, syrups, juices and Pakola whole family which contributes to just 12% of the total beverage industry. While researching the consumer preferences, we found out some dramatic results about the demands of coke and Pepsi in the market. As per our research, coca-cola brand itself contributes a lot more in the market share of the company as compared to other products of the coca-cola company, whereas brands other than Pepsi-cola itself contribute more to the market share of the Pepsi-cola company e.g. mountain dew, seven-up, Tropicana Consumer preferences are more towards coca-cola and coca-cola has a demand more than Pepsi-cola, but only because Coca-cola failed to maintain its supply chain well and reach out customers on time, it lost hundreds of contracts to Pepsi and lost its customers. We also found out that while selecting a particular beverage, people are very specific about tastes and quality. The impact of marketing strategies on consumer behavior was noticed to be tremendous. People are loyal to their brands when it comes to coke and Pepsi but as coke failed to advertise its products as frequently as Pepsi does, people have started developing a taste for Pepsi because of the massive advertisement and the unavailability of coca-cola products in the market, and this is due to the weakness of their supply chain policies and practices and slow decision making. Our recommendations to Pepsi-cola are to keep advertising as much as possible, and keep coming up with diversified range of products so as to penetrate more and more in the industry. Keep their business to franchise system only so as to save as much taxes as possible and use the saved money on advertisements. Our recommendations to coca-cola is to improve on the availability of their products perhaps by bringing efficiency to their supply chain management or to increase staff and dividing areas into sectors and sub-sectors so as to make it up with each and every retailer in the industry. To overcome Pepsi, coke must win retail contracts and that is possible only if it gives as much benefits and margins to retailers as Pepsi does, like Pepsi is giving more margin on its aquafina than coke does on kinlay, and because of this, retailers are hesitant of keeping kinlay in stores. Another possibility to improve share in the market is to come up with more and more products in the market and increase their product line. REFRENCES Conquynho, 2006, Case study of Pepsi echeat.com/essay.php?t=31117 2007, Coke Pepsi losing market share seekingalpha.com/ Philip kotler, 2005, Principles of Marketing, 11th Ed, McGraw-hill pepsi.com/home.php coca-cola.com/index-d.html Mr. M.FAZAL RUBBI Trade Marketing Executive, Coca-Cola, Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd Mr. HANEEF Marketing Manager, Pepsi Co Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd Mr. ZAHIR Purchase Manager, AGHA’S supermarket Mr. ASIM M SIDDQUI Store Manager, EBCO, the FORUM Mr. HANIF Store Manager, MOTTA’S medical general store Mr. ASLAM Store Manager, PARADISE STORE, BIBLIOGRAPHY Conquynho, 2006, Case study of Pepsi echeat.com/essay.php?t=31117 2007, Coke Pepsi losing market share http://seekingalpha.com/ Philip kotler, 2005, Principles of Marketing, 11th Ed, McGraw-hill pepsi.com/home.php coca-cola.com/index-d.html beverage-digest.com/editorial/970718.html Parija Bhatnagar, 2005, Coke Pepsi losing the fizz cnnmoney.com Eric Eliis, 2007, Iran’s Cola war, Fortune,2-6-2006 Mr. M.FAZAL RUBBI Trade Marketing Executive, Coca-Cola, Pakistan (PVt) Ltd Mr. HANEEF Marketing Manager, Pepsi Co Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd Mr. ZAHIR Purchase Manager, AGHA’S supermarket Mr. ASIM M SIDDQUI Store Manager, EBCO, the FORUM Mr. HANIF Store Manager, MOTTA’S medical general store Mr. ASLAM Store Manager, PARADISE STORE, APPENDICES QUESTIONNAIRE MARKETING 1. How are the company’s products distributed to the market? 2. Who are your largest customers or potential customers? 3. Who are your main suppliers? 4. What are your customary trade terms? 5. Are there any anticipated significant changes to product line or services? 6. Are there any anticipated significant changes in marketing strategies, sales territories or customer base? 7. What is the company’s current market share in the soft drink market? 8. How marketing is helping company to maintain its share? 9. What significant problems, changes, growth, etc. have occurred in the industry in recent years or are predicted in future? How do these changes effect your business? 10. Who are your major/minor competitors? 11. What are the environmental/political factors affecting your company? 12. What specific marketing and selling activities are performed to increase the sales? 13. What percentage of the total advertising budget is allocated to your main products, in terms of percentage of the total budget? 14. What are the most preferred ways for advertising the products? Which one do you think is the best? 15. Do you currently have a marketing plan in place? 16. Does it cover one, two, three or more years? 17. Is it part of an overall business plan? 18. Is your marketing plan new or has it been in place for more than one year? 19. What are your main marketing strategies, on which strategy you focus more? 20. Do you find any other soft drink company as a major threat in future? 21. How do you get to know about consumer’s likings and disliking about your product? 22. Do you act pro actively or reactively with regard to changing consumer behaviors? 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